Politics and Government - Neoconservatism Movement and the Ashes of Fai

The Neoconservatism Movement - Out of the Ashes of Failed LiberalismNeoconservatism is a relatively recent term, no more than 30 or forty years old. In fact, many of its members never truly accepted the term at all. And while its name may be relatively easy to pinpoint, its roots refuse to be tied to any one person, hithertot, or movement. Rather, neoconservatism stems from a number of social and political factors.One of the largest sociopolitical factors in the ontogeny of neoconservatism revolves around the 1960s liberal movement. Himmelstein states in his book, To the Right, that a number of factors contributed to a general crisis of confidence in American institutions and created a political opening for . . . the Right, which presented itself in the late 1970s as a revitalization movement (6). It seems that Himmelstein is describing a progression parallel to the liberal movement of the 1960s, on a smaller cuticle and with an alternative ideology hindered by fewer limitations . Accordingly, Francis states, in Beautiful Losers, that the emergence in the 1970s of the political and intellectual movement known as neoconservatism is more often than not regarded as a response to the failures of conventional liberalism to deal effectively with the challenges of that decade i.e. 1960s (95). So, are we to believe that neoconservatism stems exclusively from disenchanted 1960s liberals? Irving Kristol, a noted fore-founder of the movement, attaches an even more specific label, describing neoconservatism as the erosion of liberal faith among a relatively small . . . group of scholars and intellectuals, and the movement of this group toward a more buttoned-up point of view, without completely conforming to the traditional Repub... ...CitedDorrien, Gary. The Neoconservative Mind Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1993.Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs 1945- 1994. wise Haven Ya le University Press, 1995.Francis, Samuel. Beautiful Losers Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism. Columbia University of Missouri Press, 1993.Himmelstein, Jerome L. To the Right The Transformation of American Conservatism. Berkely University of California Press, 1990.Kaiser, Charles. 1968 in America Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation. New York Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.Kristol, Irving. Neoconservatism The Autobiography of an Idea. New York The Free Press, 1995.White, Theodore H. The Making of the President1968. New York Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1969.

Radicalism :: essays research papers

The world of American radicalism has changed greatly over the past century. Organizations ranging from the Ku Klux Klan, founded in 1866 to more recently organized groups like the Militia Move manpowert, only about decennary years old show the transitions in American radicalism, and the different states it has endured. It is believed that the first incarnate of the racist right, as a political position started during the French rotary motion with the myth of a Jewish conspiracy. Over many years this spread into the 20th century gaining popularity in the 1920s. This was an added inspiration for the Ku Klux Klan, and added to their anti-black and anti-catholic agendas. The Ku Klux Klan was started by six young men who organized a fraternal club where they would wear costumes and ride around after dark. They soon realized they were in distillerying fear into the community, but predominantly in the areas where the former slaves were living. Seeing this effect they quickly gained membe rs, and within a year they began to structure rules for their organization. Inciting terror was their first goal, but it didnt take long for them to act out further by harassment, arson and even murder of not just Blacks, but also Northern teachers, judges, politicians, or anyone they felt went against their code. From 1915 until 1924 the Ku Klux Klan enjoyed a long growth in membership. At one point they claimed more then 100,000 members, and at one point 40,000 of them marched in Washington D.C. during a Democratic matter Convention. The Klan was so influential that it actually attracted new allies and members from the political body, primarily in the Mid-West. As the Klan grew it became increasingly violent and uncontrollable. This went against the image they were trying to present of police force and Order. Shortly after, in 1929 the Ku Klux Klan dissolved into many dozens of smaller, local groups.Though currently suffering its greatest decline since the 1940s, with its three most prominent content units of the era the United Clans of America, the Invisible Empire Knights of the KKK and the Knights of the KKK, either defunct or factionalized, Americas oldest hate group, the codes of the Ku Klux Klan continues to operate on a local level, in some instances still engaging in illegal acts of violence and intimidation. The Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1985 by Virgil Griffin and based in Mount Holly, North Carolina.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers

Should Human Cloning be Legal?Cloning captured the publics attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they announced the induce of a sheep named Dolly which they had cloned from the nucleus of an adult mammary electric cell and a sheep egg. Ever since this spectacular event findred people have been thinking about the misadventure of copy humans. What would a clone be like? His/her physical appearance would be the same as the person he/she was cloned from, but depending on the inn it would be brought up in its personality would be totally different. Many people in this decade believe that human clone should be amerciable for many different reasons, but there ar many people who think it should be legal. Human cloning is a real thin undefendable with its advantages and disadvantages.Strictly speaking embryo cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into cardinal or more embryos that will have the e xact same genetic information (Wall 1117). The procedures used in cloning human embryos are very same to the cloning of animal embryos, except for the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is a protective protein and polysaccharide membrane that covers the internal contents of the embryo, and provides the necessary nutrients for the first several cell divisions that occur within the embryo. Several sperm cells and mature egg cells are gathered from donors at fertility clinics, and are combined in a petri salmon pink use in vitro fertilization procedures to form an embryo. In an alternate process, already produced embryos are gathered from fertility clinics. The acquired embryo is placed in a petri base and is allowed to nonplus into a mass of dickens to eight cells. Next a chemical solution is added to the zona pellucida that covers the embryo. After the zona pellucida is dissolved, the cells within the embryo are freed. These two to eight cells are collected by researchers and put in separate petri dishes (Hale 83). The cells are thus coated with an artificial zona pellucida. The individual cells are then considered new embryos, all of which share the same exact genetic information. In effect at this point the science... ...ugh many of the people we know in our everyday lives. Cloning will be a big issue in the future kind of like the way abortion is now. Cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages.Works ConsultedShould cloning be banned? Reason Online. January 2000. http//www.reason.com/biclone.html.Fackelmann, K.A. Researchers clone human embryos. Science News of the Week, Vol. 144276.Hale, W.G. The Harper collins biology Dictionary. Harper Perennial. New York, New York, 199183Nash, Madeleine. The case for cloning. Time Feb.9, 1998 Vol. 151. No. 5.Wachbroit, Robert. Genetic encores The ethics of human Cloning. http//www.puaf.umd.edu/ippp/Fall97Report/cloning.htm. Wall, James ed. Cloning of embryos stirs ethical Concerns . Christian Century, November 10, 19931117.Watson, Traci. want the wonder in a mote of dust. U.S. News & World Report, October 3, 199466Wilmut, Ian. Cloning for Medicine. Scientific American. December 1998. http//www.sciam.com/1998/1298issue/1298wilmut.html. Cloning Essay -- essays research document Should Human Cloning be Legal?Cloning captured the publics attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they announced the birth of a sheep named Dolly which they had cloned from the nucleus of an adult mammary cell and a sheep egg. Ever since this spectacular event occurred people have been thinking about the possibility of cloning humans. What would a clone be like? His/her physical appearance would be the same as the person he/she was cloned from, but depending on the society it would be brought up in its personality would be totally different. Many people in this decade believe that human cloning should be illegal for many different re asons, but there are many people who think it should be legal. Human cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages.Strictly speaking embryo cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will have the exact same genetic information (Wall 1117). The procedures used in cloning human embryos are very similar to the cloning of animal embryos, except for the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is a protective protein and polysaccharide membrane that covers the internal contents of the embryo, and provides the necessary nutrients for the first several cell divisions that occur within the embryo. Several sperm cells and mature egg cells are gathered from donors at fertility clinics, and are combined in a petri dish using in vitro fertilization procedures to form an embryo. In an alternate process, already produced embryos are gathered from fertility clinics. The acquired embryo is placed in a petri dish and is allowed to develop into a mass of two to eight cells. Next a chemical solution is added to the zona pellucida that covers the embryo. After the zona pellucida is dissolved, the cells within the embryo are freed. These two to eight cells are collected by researchers and put in separate petri dishes (Hale 83). The cells are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida. The individual cells are then considered new embryos, all of which share the same exact genetic information. In effect at this point the science... ...ugh many of the people we know in our daily lives. Cloning will be a big issue in the future kind of like the way abortion is now. Cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages.Works ConsultedShould cloning be banned? Reason Online. January 2000. http//www.reason.com/biclone.html.Fackelmann, K.A. Researchers clone human embryos. Science News of the Week, Vol. 144276.Hale, W.G. The Harper Collins Biology Dictionary. Harper Pe rennial. New York, New York, 199183Nash, Madeleine. The case for cloning. Time Feb.9, 1998 Vol. 151. No. 5.Wachbroit, Robert. Genetic encores The ethics of human Cloning. http//www.puaf.umd.edu/ippp/Fall97Report/cloning.htm. Wall, James ed. Cloning of embryos stirs ethical Concerns. Christian Century, November 10, 19931117.Watson, Traci. Seeking the wonder in a mote of dust. U.S. News & World Report, October 3, 199466Wilmut, Ian. Cloning for Medicine. Scientific American. December 1998. http//www.sciam.com/1998/1298issue/1298wilmut.html.

The Birthmark Essay: The Theme -- Birthmark Essays

The Birthmark The Theme In Nathaniel Hawthornes tale, The Birthmark, the dominant theme is love conquering self, though there is in any case present the theme of alienation resulting from the evil within mankind. This essay intends to explore, exemplify and develop this topic. Hyatt Waggoner in Nathaniel Hawthorne states Alienation is perhaps the theme he handles with superlative power. Insulation, he sometimes called it which suggests not only isolation just now imperviousness. It is the opposite of that osmosis of being that Warren has written of, that ability to respond and relate to others and the world. . . . it puts one extracurricular the magic circle or the magnetic chain of humanity, where there is neither love nor reality (54). Waggoners theme of alienation does play a part in the tale, but the theme which dominates is that of love conquering self as exemplified in Georgianas growing love for Aylmer. Her love transforms her very soul. Everything he has to say i s related, finally, to that inward sphere (McPherson 68-69). When he desired to build the kingdom of God, he looked for the pattern of it, not in history nor in the fortunes of those about him, but in his own heart (Erskine 180). In the opening paragraph of The Birthmark the narrator introduces Aylmer as a scientist who had made experience of a spiritual phylogenetic relation more attractive than any chemical one. Hawthornes description of the scientists love for Georgiana is apt, for love is just that spiritual. And the theme of this tale is a spiritual one. with the course of the story Aylmer declines spiritually, while Georgiana advances spiritually. Even after Aylmer has persuaded a be... ...John. Nathaniel Hawthorne. In Leading American Novelists. New York Books For Libraries Press, 1968. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Birthmark Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng& data=/tex ts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 McPherson, Hugo. Hawthornes Use of Mythology. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Waggoner, Hyatt. Nathaniel Hawthorne. In half a dozen American Novelists of the Nineteenth Century, edited by Richard Foster. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1968. Williams, Stanley T. Hawthornes Puritan Mind. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal FarmTheme. What is it? A theme is a central idea of a novel thatusually reveals something about human nature. A theme is usuallyunstated as ar the themes in George Orwells Animal Farm. whizztheme that can be taken away from the story is weakness can beeasily dominated through language and ignorance. This will beseen through the manipulative language of Squealer and thegullibility of the animals. One way in which this can be seen is through Squealer. Inone situation all of the apples and milk will be given to the pigs afew animals disagree with this. Comrades he cried. You do notimagine I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishnessand privilege? Many of us actually disapproval milk and apples. I dislikethem myself. Our sole object is to preserve our health. Milk andapples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) containsubstances absolutely necessary to the well being of a pig. Wepigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization ofthis farm de pends on us. Day and night we are watching over yourwelfare. It is for your sake that we drink the milk and eat on thoseapples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in ourduty? Jones would come back Yes, Jones would come back Surely, comrades, cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping formside to side and whisking his tail, for sure there is no one amongyou who wants to see Jones come back? The animals all are inagreement that they do not want Jones back, therefore viewthat the pigs health was the upmost concern (Orwell 820).Here one can see that the animals are easily deceived through afew big words and a lot of fast talking that can be easily confused ifone does not pay attention closely. When the animals agree withthe fact that they do not want Jones back they assume that theymust also be saying that the pigs need the apples and milk to helpkeep them in health. Although this is not what they are saying, they are saying that they do not want Jones back, and they co nceptualisethat the way to keep him away is to give the pigs the apples andmilk because they stand vehemently against Jones. Sonow the animals believe that the pigs are entitled to specialprivileges in order to keep Jones from coming back. Time and timeagain the animals are deceived because by agreeing with onething they believe that they are agreeing with everything.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal FarmTheme. What is it? A bailiwick is a central idea of a story thatusually reveals something about human nature. A theme is usuallyunstated as are the themes in George Orwells Animal Farm. Onetheme that can be taken away from the story is weakness can beeasily dominated by dint of language and ignorance. This will beseen done the manipulative language of wild boar and thegullibility of the animals. One way in which this can be seen is through Squealer. Inone situation all of the apples and draw will be given to the pigs afew animals disagree with this. Comrades he cried. You do notimagine I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a step of selfishnessand privilege? Many of us actually dislike draw and apples. I dislikethem myself. Our sole object is to preserve our health. Milk andapples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) harborsubstances absolutely necessary to the well being of a pig. Wepigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization ofthis farm d epends on us. Day and night we are reflection over yourwelfare. It is for your sake that we drink the milk and eat thoseapples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in ourduty? Jones would come back Yes, Jones would come back Surely, comrades, cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping formside to side and whisking his tail, surely there is no one amongyou who wants to see Jones come back? The animals all are in promise that they do not want Jones back, therefore believingthat the pigs health was the upmost concern (Orwell 820).Here one can see that the animals are easily deceived through afew big words and a lot of fast talking that can be easily confused ifone does not profits attention closely. When the animals agree withthe fact that they do not want Jones back they assume that theymust also be saying that the pigs need the apples and milk to patronkeep them in health. Although this is not what they are saying, they are saying that they do not want Jones back, and they believethat the way to keep him away is to give the pigs the apples andmilk because they stand vehemently over against Jones. Sonow the animals believe that the pigs are entitled to specialprivileges in order to keep Jones from coming back. Time and timeagain the animals are deceived because by agreeing with onething they believe that they are agreeing with everything.

Foods That Make You Hungrier Essay

Feeling hungry? You should eat. But what if the foods youre eating actually make you hungrier than you were before you dug in? Its a to a greater extent reciprocal conundrum than you might think.Hunger is a result of many complex interactions that occur in the stomach, intestines, brain, pancreas, and bloodstream, says weight-loss specialist and board-certified internist Sue Decotiis, MD. Problem is, its a circuit thats easily hijacked. Here are 11 foods that apprize make you feel like youre running on empty til now when your stomach is stuffed.JuicesJuicing is all the rage, but these healthy drinks contain all the sugar of your favorite fruit, but none of the fiber-containing pulp or skin. That means drinking a glass of juice can shoot your blood sugar levels upand then back down againbringing on hunger, according to Mitzi Dulan, RD, informant of The Pinterest Diet How to Pin Your Way Thin. Your better bet blend a smoothie using whole fruit instead, and mix in a air hole of prot ein powder or nut butter to help balance your blood sugar and boost satiety. (Just be sure to steer clear of sugary fro-yo or sherbet.)Salty snacksTheres a reason why you crave something sweet after polishing off a bag of potato chips. Chips, pretzels, and spicy snack mixes are little more than quick-digesting simple carbs, which can spur insulin highs and subsequent lows, Dulan says. And since your taste buds and brain link fast-acting energy with sweet foods, its common to have a relish for something sweet once you finish your salty nosh. Whats more, thanks to a phenomenon known as sensory specific satiety, you can fill up on chips and feel like only your salty stomach is full. Your sweet one can still feel empty, Dulan says. So grab ready to eat two stomachs worth of food.alcoholic beverageAlcohol doesnt just lower your healthy-eating resolve, it downright makes you hungrier According to research published in Alcohol & Alcoholism, just three servings can slash your bodys levels of leptina hormone designed to squash hunger and keep you feeling fullby 30 percent. Alcohol can also deplete your bodys carbohydrate stores (called glycogen), causing you tocrave carbs in order to replace what was lost, Dr. Decotiis says. And if you find yourself craving salty snacks, dehydration and a loss of electrolytes may be at work.Fast foodPretty a good deal every ingredient behind a fast food counter is designed to make you supersize your meal. For instance, trans fat inflames the gut, potentially impairing the bodys ability to produce appetite-controlling neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, Dr. Decotiis says. Meanwhile, the GI tract absorbs high fructose corn syrup (commonly found in buns, condiments, and desserts) quickly, causing insulin spikes and even bigger hunger pangs. Lastly, fast foods long helpings of salt can spur dehydration. And with symptoms that closely mimic those of hunger, its easygoing for dehydration to trick you into thinking you need to go back for seconds.White pastaWhite pasta packs all of the same problems as white bread, but it does deserve its own mention as a hunger-offender because its so easy to eat far too much of it. A standard serving size of cooked pasta is just half a cup cooked, but restaurants regularly serve up four cups in a single entre. When you overload your body with simple carbs, your pancreas goes into overdrive churning out insulin, and soon youve produced so much of the sugar-managing hormone that your blood sugar levels are low and youre ravenously hungry. And consider this What are you pouring over your pasta? If its a boughten sauce, then it probably contains even more hunger-spiking sugar.

Editing and Conclusion

Examine this completion paragraph. Work to create a better conclusion using the strategies you reviewed in your readings and the How to Conclude handout. Dont forget to also edit and proofread the paragraph for other kinds of writing mistakes. As my report states, you provide not always youre entire life have to devote yourselves to cleening up the enviroment in order to venture a differance to the World. Therefore, we should all put more enargy in to re cycling.Its made a difference in my house because we useto have more trash then we do now since we re cycle. Also, seperating is good. I hope you enjoyed reading my paper on re cycling. THE END To sum it all up, there are more than a million ways to make a lasting change in the world. From the littlest effort of picking up my own trash to the more serious act of initiating garbage disposal in my own community.This does not require one to devote ones whole life to a single cause rather to be aware and do a little something to all eviate the effects of the problem. Thus, I believe that we should put more energy into recycling materials especially those that can be made into something useful or as a source of income. Recycling has made quite a difference in my household and I hope that it can do the same thing for most people.

Emma by Jane Austen Essay

The selected passage from the eighth chapter is a part of the dialogue between Emma and Mr. Knightly, based on Harriet and Mr. Robert Martins match making issue, which is potently condemned by Emma on the basis of difference of social and mind locating between Harriet and Mr. Martin unless Mr. Knightly supports Mr. Martin for being comparatively more respectable and honour as he is a self-made farmer as compared to Harriet who had grown as an illegitimate child.This passage holds certain biased female gender statements by Jane Austen which lifted the rhetorical expertise of her novel with the immensity and intensity to hit a difference in the opinion of a general public and alike of an individual, who had possessed the conventional views of the rigid class structure and orthodox ideas of overlooking women as mere symbols of fanciful appearances.Emma appears with a strong debate for advocating just roughly(predicate) the intellectual ability of a woman and adamantly suggests t he men of her era to become aware of this point of view of a woman being conscious about their individual identity. Mr. Knightly on the other hand speaks justly on behalf of the men of developing class of the society who could equally possess the status of gentlemen in the society.Thus this argument was more of a social debate that led both the characters argue logically against certain beliefs of the society that needed to be ameliorate to let the people grow more as individuals than as just the product of social and conventional beliefs. Austen surprises her look aters when Emma acknowledges the superiority of Harriet over Mr. Martin for her individual intellectual capabilities patronage her illegitimate identity of parental background that was mentioned as her handicap in the social status by Mr.Knightly. This manner of expression by Austen discovered a new dimension of analysis and execution of the subject in the novel writing in the eighteenth century literature, which was ba sed on reality but focused through the psychology of the characters. This psychological realism of Jane Austen let her penetrate the minds of the people who existed in the particular(a) sphere around her but even this limited world provided her with the vastness and variety of hidden and suffocated ideas that yearned to expressed openly since ages.As compared to her contemporary or predecessor novelists Jane Austen enjoyed an edge of being more innovative and precise in the accomplishment of her subject. Her dexterity in weaving the plots of her novels which have mostly been based on several characters interrelated with each other through the complexities of their view and believing, proved her magnitude of apprehension and deep analysis of the variety of people she had observed around her.In A History of English Literature write by Emile Legouis, and Louis Cazamian and Raymond Las Vergnas, Jane Austen has been compared with her contemporary novelist Miss Burney and they have be en specifically compared for their distinct manner of expression and choice of the fate of their somewhat similar (or rather conventional) subjects, which mostly dealt with the issues of love, status of the characters and ultimately ending in successful marriages.But Jane Austen has been praised for her rather mature clear-sighted eyes that could read through the inner minds of those who live around her, or of the beings whom she invents and animates just as if those minds are transparent whereas Miss Burneys world of novels were more of a word picture of her time and the society that she moved in and about how would a woman succeed through the critical events of her life to achieve a happy marriage. Jane Austens world of her novel was more of a depiction of the heroines world and how her thoughts, beliefs and notions critically evaluated the world in which she dwelled.Thus Austens world is operated through the mind of her heroine whom she provided with a wide range of liberty to act with a variety of people and also to develop notions about them. This was a perplexed mode of expression which Austen successfully accomplished in most of her novels. amazingly Jane Austens apathy about the socio-political scenario of her time never inculcated her knowledge to an extent to show a vivid impact in her writings. She remained quite ignorant about the after math of the French Revolution and the emerging Romantic traits of intellect and expression in the field of art and literature.Her sole focus had been on how to read and depict the variable minds of the people who lived with or around her and she believed in expressing for the suffocated thoughts and ideas of the muted minds. She preferred to remain aloof from the moral and social code of conduct in the matter of her psychological analysis she would analyze and deal with the most sensitive aspects that were more felt and less expressed by the people of her time. This is the reason wherefore Emma speaks in favor of Harriet and rates her quite high in an intellectual status as compared to Mr.Martin, despite the fact that Harriet had no legitimate parenthood to encounter her high social status. The expression of reality requires the cohesion in the acquisition of thoughts that cause concrete notions in our mind and then it requires coherence in the puzzle out of development of such potent thoughts that cause the need for an expression. Austen must have deeply observed the psyche of the women of her surroundings to be subtle enough to create Emma or perhaps Austen animated her as a mixture of such women who spent more time in knowing others than knowing themselves.For many readers Austens novels are limited and based on almost claustrophobic room of action that gives us a strong sense of the confined nature of a womans existence in early-nineteenth-century rural England, but in the social context, Austens commitment to reason and moderation can be seen as feminist and progressive rather than c onservative. And her profound hypothesis of the varied psychologies of people from different groups of society enabled her to create intelligent and resourceful heroines who stand in constant contrast to the limits of the constricted world of courtship and marriage defining their sphere of action.

Michael Moore Sicko

1.Michael Moores movie Sicko is so controversial because it makes citizenry think. He went to Cuba and showed it, not as this horrible place that weve all be told but as a caring country willing to help our citizens. This movie proving that Universal Healthcargon works in other countries makes people marvel why it has to be so difficult to have it here. The Unites States is suppose to be the most powerful country and yet so many Americans feel nerveless when it comes to healthcare.2.Some pros for Universal Healthcare are everyone would be covered. People would be healthier and live longer. Our poverty rate wouldnt be as high because people wouldnt be losing their homes because of medical bills. It would make businesses more productive because they wouldnt have to carry insurance.Some cons for Universal healthcare are higher taxes. in that respect is a longer wait for surgeries. All the people that work for the insurance companies would lose their jobs.3.Some relative changes in h ealthcare because of the Universal Healthcare Bill are not having to wait or being denied because of a pre-existing condition. You will no longer have a higher rate because of your health status. restitution companies wouldnt be able to cancel your policy due to an adverse health condition. Children will be covered under their parents insurance policies until they are 27. saucily plans must cover check ups and preventative care with out co-pays.4.Most Americans are concerned about the new law requiring almost everyone to have insurance. A toilet of people simply cant afford it although the new law is suppose to make it more affordable. Another concern is wait era to follow through a doctor. With more people seeing doctors there will be a longer wait time to get in and the less time the doctor has to spend with you in the room.

How Employee Motivation Effects an Organization Essay

In the following paper I will identify what employee want is, why it is important, who it is important to, and how it affects the workforce as a whole. I will also touch on the subjects of whose job it is to motivate, the benefits of motivation and what actu everyy motivates employees. Through out my research I have discovered umteen different theories and opinions as of to what effective motivation is, and how it is to be applied in the work setting.This is the result of my findings. The job of a manager in the workplace is to give-up the ghost things d unity through employees. To do this the manager should be able to motivate employees. But thats easier said than done In spite of enormous research, basal as well as applied, the subject of motivation is not clearly understood and more than(prenominal) often than not sadly practiced. To understand motivation one must understand human nature itself. And there lies the business Human nature can be very simple, yet very complex too.An intelligence and appreciation of this is a prerequisite to effective employee motivation in the workplace and therefore effective management and leadership. There is an old saying you can come a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink it will drink except if its thirsty so is with people. They will do what they hope to do or otherwise make to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Are they born with the self-motivation or drive?Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Allow me to ask a very simple header Are you really happy with your job? Or is it just a way to pay the bills? If so, you ar not alone. In fact, half of all employees only put enough effort into their jobs, to keep their jobs. 70% of employees are less motiv ated today than they used to be, and another 80% could perform significantly infract if they wanted to. What does all this mean you ask?It means people are unhappy at work, and many overlook the importance of a fulfilling work life. non only is it important for employees to be content, their happiness is important to their employers as well. Disgruntled employees perform considerably poorly compared to content ones. Motivated employees work more efficiently, producing better(p) products or services in less time. Whereas unmotivated employees waste time and generally take longer to accomplish the tasks assigned. When employees are motivated, they invest time, effort and champion power into producing the best products or services possible.They take p dislodgee in their work, meaning they will give a companion a better surname out in the market simply by producing a superior product. Unmotivated employees, on the other hand, will put in the bare marginal effort resulting in poor customer service and low quality products. Improved productivity and higher quality services and products equal monetary gains for an organization, peradventure freeing delightds to be used as benefits for employees or company improvements. If employees are motivated, a company will be able to retain more of them.Every time they hire a new employee, they have to invest time getting that person up to speed on the job requirements, integrating that person into the workforce and figuring out exactly how that new person can contribute. Existing employees have a wealth of knowledge about the company and how projects work. They are also already accustomed to working with the other employees at the facility. By retaining employees, an organization can save specie and time. Employees that are motivated are happy smiling is contagious, which leads to a better work environment.Companies these days are prolonging interesting, just abouttimes even outrageous benefits to keep their staff motivated. Some offer great health plans, a 401k-retirement plan, or extra vacation time. Others have company parties, picnics and other rally-boosting events. Some companies take their staff out to movie premieres some engage in go-carting to create a fun atmosphere. Sure, its nice to have a company parking spot, your cellular phone bills paid, and free tiffin Fridays, but these types of benefits are better at attracting and retaining employees. A free lunch will not magically create a healthy work environment.However, these team spirit boosters can be steps on the road to motivated employees. The question employers are trying to figure out is, if benefits keep employees happy, then what makes them productive? The problem is that employers lose focus of the difference between high morale and motivation. I am not saying to get rid of the benefits, but get rid of other behaviors that hold employees back. These behaviors parti-color from company to company, but we all know what the y are. Office politics, unclear expectations and being criticized instead of receiving constructive feedback are all things we detest and that hinder our progress.Things like appreciation and taking pride in your work, as well as social interaction and fun in your work, are all contributors to motivation. Personally, I would rather work in an environment where there are no politics, employers are honest with their employees and have nothing to hide, and are committed to the boilers suit productivity of the firm. Here is a list of items that are considered to be detrimental to employee motivation * ca-ca an atmosphere full of company politics. * Develop unclear expectations regarding your employees motion.Create a lot of unnecessary rules for employees to follow. * Plan unproductive meetings for employees to attend. * Withhold information critical for employees to perform their work. * Provide criticism instead of constructive feedback. * patronage poor performance so your high performing employees feel taken advantage of. * Treat employees unfairly. * Underutilize the capability of your employees. While some of those are worse than others, they will vary across companies and individuals. Any company that actually makes an effort to rid themselves of these annoyances is on the right track.It just goes to show that it does not take a lot of money to tap into an employees natural ability. Here are some active measures companies can take to motivate * If your employees do routine work, add some fun and variety to their routine. * Provide employees with input and choice in how they do their work. * Encourage responsibility and leadership opportunities within your company. * Promote social interaction and teamwork between employees. * Tolerate learning errors by avoiding harsh criticism. * Promote job ownership. *Develop goals and challenges for all employees. Provide lots of encouragement. * Make appreciation part of your repertoire. * Develop measurement that shows performance increase. With the rapidly changing competitive environment, key employees are becoming younger and with a variety of skills and accomplishments. This means that if they are unhappy with their work environment, they are more than willing to move on. For employers, the speed of business is such that employees that join their company learn so much and become so valuable that employers need to do whatever it takes to keep them content.

Globalization and International Business Essay

world(prenominal)isation and multinational worryThe Concept of globalisation putting everything into one village* The process of integration and crossway of economic, fiscal, cultural and political systems across the initiation. * worldwideization refers to the integration and interaction among different people and nations. * Globalization is the process of world(prenominal) integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other(a) aspects of tillage.Globalization A holistic approach1. economic Globalization the increasing integration of national economic systems with the growth in internationalist business deal, investments and cap flow. 2. Financial Globalization the liberalization of capital movements and deregulations, especi every last(predicate)y of financial operate that led to a sport in cross boarder capital flows. 3. heathenish Globalization convergence of farmings across the world E.g. Dress codes, ways of living. 4. pol icy-making Globalization the convergence of political systems and processes around the world.Dimensions of scotch Globalization what has changed* Globalization of performance the increase mobility of the factors of production especially the movement of capital that has changed countries traditional specialization roles. (process is made shorter and cheaper) * Globalization of Markers technological strides in communication, transport and travel bedevil created new consumer segments. The global markets harbor endure easily accessible. (producing standardized products that argon travel, functional reli commensurate and low priced).* Globalization of competition it has intensified in such(prenominal) a way that businesses atomic number 18 forced to form mergers or enter into new strategic alliances, competing with new players around the globe.* Globalization of engineering science it has advanced quickly and thus creating shorter cycles for production of goods and run. The running of businesses becomes more effective and efficient. In more or less cases though, several businesses might have difficulty keeping up with the advancements cod to financial constraints.* Globalization of corporations and Industries economical liberalization has led to economic growth in exotic instantly Investments and relocation of business enterprises as a result, there has been atomization in business processes. Where different stages of production are coming sur tone in different countries E.g. Toyota manufactures in Japan and assembles in randomness Africa.Factors influencing Globalization (Movers)* economic Liberalization* Technological Breakthrough* Multilateral Institutions* International Economic Integrations* Move towards free marketing systems* Rising research and development costs* Global intricacy of business operations* Adverts in logistics management* Emergence of the global customer segmentFactors restraining Globalization* Regulatory authorisati ons* Emerging trade barriers* Cultural factors* Nationalism* struggle and civil disturbances* Management myopia thinking within the box/boardersQuiz what is meant by internationalization of a firms cheer chain?Reasons for nominate of Globalization* Maximization of economic efficiencies (learning to use economicresources of a country to the fullest potential) * Enhancing trade* Increase cross-boarder capital movement* Improves efficiency of local firms* Increases consumer welfare admonition of globalization* Developed Vs Developing countries unequal players in globalization * Widening gap between the rich and poor* Wipes out domestic industry* Leads to large layoffs and unemployment* Brings in problems related to balance of payments* Increased volatility of markets* Diminishing power of nation states* Loss of cultural identity* Shift of power to multinationalsResponse Strategies to Globalization forces for emerging market companies DefenderExtenderDodgerContender1. Defender Stra tegy When pressure to globalize is low, local companies adopt the defense strategy that focuses on supplement local assets in the market segments where multinationals are weak. 2. Extender strategy when companies posses competitive skills and assets that back tooth be transferred abroad, companies can focus on expanding to markets similar to home base use dealncies developed at home.3. Dodger strategy when pressure to globalize is high, local companies have no option scarce to dodge competition by cooperating through a joint venture or becoming a supplier or service provider selling off to multinational enterprises e.g. Skoda Czech machine maker sold to Volkswagen.4. Contender strategy companies that have high pressure to globalize andcompetitive advantages that can be leveraged overseas can aggressively compete by focusing on upgrading their capabilities in the niche segment to match multinationals globally ie. TATA IndiaConcepts of International Business1. International vocation exports of goods and services to a immaterial-based purchaser (importer) 2. International Marketing refers to marketing carried out by firms/companies across the national boarder line. 3. International Investment cross boarder transfer of resources to carry out business activities.4. International Management application of management concepts and techniques in a cross country environment an adaptation to different social-cultural, economic, effective, political and technological environments.5. International Business all those business activities which involve cross-border transactions of goods and services and resources between twain or more nations. 6. Global business conduct of business activities in several countries using a highly co-ordinate and single strategy across the world.Types of International Business Transactions* Transactions exchange of cherishs between buyer and seller typically involving intermediaries and nones as medium of exchange. * Exc hange of production inputs, components partially/nearly finished products, goods/services, ideas/k at a time how.Boarders their significance* State boundaries annunciate sovereignty, citizenship (political authority), legal jurisdiction, security. When theres no boarder, theres no state * National refinements, National Identity* Economic Unit eroded collect to globalization, economic transactions are chief(prenominal)ly domestic. * Boundaries of mind and habit, boundaries are psychological not just physical.How boarders make a differenceAs soon as you have different cultures, different contact forms, different legal structures, different taxation environments, the complexity introduced by that is immense.The reason why businesses that expand overseas pop off is they underestimate the complexity thats enlarged in an international organization.The internationalisation of Business* Bringing in new ideas* Moving across the boarders* Companies conduct value adding actitvities o n a global scale, primarily to organize, source, manufacture and market. * A Level play field international activities appealing to all types of firms large or small. Manufacturing and services sectors E.g. Banking, Transportation, Design, Advertising and retailing.Nature of International Business* Value adding activities* Firms internationalize via experts, remote direct investment, licensing, and collaborative ventures. * Foreign portfolio investment less than 10%* Foreign Direct Investment More than 10%Reasons for International Business Expansion1. Market seeking motives* Marketing opportunities due to lifestyle cycles* Uniqueness of products or services2. Economic motives* Economies of scale are achieved* Profit strength* Spreading research and development costs3. Strategic motives* Growth* Risk spreadDifferences between Domestic and International Business* Economic environment* Social* Infrastructure* Legal* Political* Competition* TechnologyThe Four adventures of Interna tional Business1. Cross- cultural risk occurs when a cultural misunderstanding puts some human value at stake. * Cultural differences* Negotiation patterns* Decision making styles* Ethical practices2. Commercial risk refers to a firms potential loss or failure from poorly developed or executed business tactics. * Weak partners* Operational problems* Timing of entry* Competitive meretriciousness* Poor execution of strategy3. Currency risk (financial risk) the risk of adverse fluctuations in exchange rates * Currency exposure* Asset evaluation* Foreign taxation* Inflation and transfer4. Country risk (political risk) refers to the potentially adverseeffects on company operations and profitability caused by developments in political, legal and economic environments in a alien country.Risks will always be present but can be managed Managers is such situations should * Anticipate the risks* Understand the implications therefrom* Take pro-active action* Reduce adverse effectsSome ri sks are extremely challenging e.g. the tocopherol Asian Economic Crisis in 1998. It generated substantial commercial, currency and country risks.Participants in International Business1. Multinationals E.g. Kodak, Nokia, Samsung,Multinational Enterprises own worldwide network of subsidiaries.2. Other participants* Small and medium sized enterprises In the USA a small/medium enterprise sized entity is described as that having 500 or fewer employees. * Comprises of 90-95% of all firms in almost countries .* Increasingly more SMEs participate in International Business.Why do firms Internationalize?* Seek growth opportunities through market diversification * To earn higher(prenominal) margin pelf* impinge on new ideas approximately products, services* Better service to customers that have relocated abroad * Be closer to supply sources* Benefit from global sourcing advantages* Gain flexibility in sourcing products* Gain access to better value factors of production* Develop economies of scale in sourcing, production, marketing and R&D * Confront international competitors more effectively or thwart the growth of competition in the home market. * Invest in a potentiallyrewarding business venture.What caused the East Asian Economic CrisisTheories of TradeAbsolute Advantage when a country is efficient in producing a commodity than any other country. Countries should therefore stipulate in producing a product of which they are efficient in producing and then trade such product for goods produced by other countries.Output per hour of push using the same resources Cloth WheatCountry A 100 200Country B 250 160Total Interpretation clearlyThe Political Economy of International TradeThe political reality of International Trade is that while many nations are nominally committed to free trade, they tend to interject in international trade to protect the interest of politically significant groups.Instruments of trade policy are tariffs, subsidies, import quota, voluntar y export restraints, local subject matter requirements, administrative policies and anti-dumping duties.* A tariff is a tax levied on imports that effectively raises the cost of imported products relative to domestic products. * Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported. * Ad valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of the imported good.* A aid is a government payment to a domestic producer. Subsidiesmay take form of a tax break, cash grants, low-interest loan. * Subsidies help domestic firms by move production costs * Help them compete against foreign imports* Gain export markets* Government pay for subsidies by taxing individuals(consumers)* Import Quota is a direct parapet on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country.* Voluntary export restraints are quotas on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing countrys government.* A local content requirement demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically.* The requirement can be in physical or value terms.* Local content requirements benefit domestic producers and jobs, but consumers face higher prices.* Administrative policies are informed bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country. For example Japanese customs inspectors insist on opening a large proportion of express packages to check for pornographic materials. * This process that can delay express packages has made it difficult for FedEx to expand its global shipping services to Japan. * These policies hurt consumers by denying access to possibly superior foreign products.* Dumping is selling goods in foreign markets below their cost of production/fair market value. * Anti-dumping policies are designed to punish foreign firms that engage in dumping. Dumping is viewed as a method by which firms unload free production in foreign markets sometimes at prices below the cost of production. * The goal is to protect domestic producers from unfair foreign competition. * US firms that believe aforeign firm is dumping can file a complaint with the government. * If the complaint has merit, antidumping duties, also known as countervailing duties may be imposed.Why Governments substitute?Basically there are three reasons Political, Economic and Cultural1. Political reasons include* Protecting jobs and industries from foreign competition, trade controls usually result in higher price for consumers. * National Security defense related industries very much get this kind of protection. * Retaliations are threats used as bargaining tasks to help open foreign markets and force trading partners to play by the rules. It is usually in retaliation to a trading partners trade policy. Protect consumers from unsafe products.2. Economic Reasons* The infant industry argument(protecting them)* Strategic trade policy policies that government enact to ensure that firs-mover advantages are reserved for local firms in industries where substantial economies of scale exist.3. Cultural Motives unwanted influence causes great distress and can force governments to axis vertebrak imports. Many countries have laws that protect their media programming for cultural reasons for example in Canada somewhat 35% of music played on TV and radio must be of Canadian origin.Economic IntegrationThe abolition of trade restraints between nations. It is the emergence economic mutuality that results when countries within a geographic region form an alliance aimed at reducing barriers to trade and investment.* Three Levels of Economic Integration* Global trade liberalization by GATT or WTO* Regional preferential treatment of member countries in the group ie.SACU, SADC, COMESA ,etc. * Bilateral preferential treatment between two countries * Regional and Bilateral agreements are against the MFN clause (normal trading relations), but allowed under WTO. * Visit www.wto.org for regional trad e agreements.Regional Economic Integration* Growing economic interdependence that results when countries within a geographic region form an alliance aimed at reducing barriers of trade and investment.About 40% of the world trade now occurs via economic bloc agreement.Cooperating nations obtain* Increased product choices, productivity, living standards * Lower prices and* More efficient resource use.Economic BlocA geographical empyrean that consists of two or more countries that agree to pursue economic integration by reducing tariffs and other restrictions to cross-border flow of products, services, capital and in more advanced stages, labor.Examples EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, APEC, ASEAN and many others.There are five possible levels of economic integration* customs articulation* Common Market* Economic Union* Political Union1. Free Trade Area countries agree to reduce tariffs but not eliminate everythingThe simplest most common arrangement, member countries agree to gradually elimin ate positive trade barriers within the bloc, while each member country maintains an independent international trade policy with countries foreign the bloc. Eg. NAFTA2. Customs Union similar to a free trade area except that the members maltreatonize their trade policies toward non-member countries, by enacting common tariff and non-tariff barriers on imports from non-member countries. E.g. SACU(Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, SA). Members have a revenue pool and it is dual-lane according to how much each has contributed.3. Common Market (single market)- like a custom union except products, services and factors of production such as capital, labor, and technology can move freely among the member countries. E.g. COMESA requires much cooperation among the member countries on labor and economic policies.4. Economic Union like a common market, but members also aim for common fiscal and monetary policies, standard commercial regulations, social policy, etc. E.g. the EU is moving toward economic union by forming a monetary union with a single currency the EURO.5. Political Union perfect unification of all policies by a common organization. Submersion of all separate national institutions e.g. former USSR * Remains ideal, but yet to be achieved.The European UnionWhat is the European Union?* Shared values liberty, democracy, respect, for human rights and underlying freedom, and the rule of law.European Coal and Steel Community* In the aftermath of the World War II, the aim was to secure peace among Europes winning nations an bring them together as equals, cooperatingwithin shared institutions. * Based on a plan by French foreign minister Robert Schuman. * Six world states/countries Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed a treaty.History of the EU* Treaty of Paris (1951)Formation of ECSCTreaty of Rome (1957)Formation of ECC (European Economic Community) -initially free trade area, becoming a customs union i n 1967.* The Stockholm convention in 1960 created EFTA by seven countries to counteract ECC. * Single European Act of 1993* Creation of single market (common Market) effective on January 1 1993 * Rename EEC by EU (15 members)* Treaty of Maastricht (1992)* Creation of an economic union, electromagnetic unit* Establishment of European Central Bank on July 1998* Introduction of a common currency, Euro on 1 January 1999 * Circulation of Euro on 1 January 2002.The EU featuresA full-fledged Economic Union1. Market access tariffs and most non-tariff barriers have been eliminated. 2. Common market removed barriers to cross national movement of production factors i.e labor, capital and technology. 3. Trade rules eliminated customs procedures and regulations, streamlining transportation and logistics within Europe. 4. Standards harmonization harmonizing technical standards, regulations, and usement procedures on products, services and commercial activities. 5. Common fiscal, monetary, taxati on and socialThe European Union Today* 27 members* New members e.g. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic are low-cost manufacturing sites. * Peugeot, Citroen(france) factories in Czech Republic. * Hyundai (South Korea) Kia plant in Slovakia.* Suzuki (Japan) factory in Hungary.* Most new EU entrants are one-time satellites of the Soviet Union, and have economic growth rates for higher than the 15 Western European counterparts. * Developing economies e.g Romania, Bulgaria, may take decades of foreign aid to nip up.Four Institutions that govern the EU1. Council of the European Union the main decision-making body. Makes decisions on economic policy, budgets, and foreign policy and admission of new member countries.2. European equip represents the interest of the EU as a whole. Proposes legislation and is responsible for implementing decisions of the Parliament and the council.3. European Parliament up to 732 representatives, hold joint sessions each month. Three main functions are * Devise EU legislation* Supervise EU Institutions* Make decisions on the EU budget.NAFTA (Canada, Mexico, USA)NAFTA passage (1994) was facilitated by the maquilladora program, in which US firms allocated manufacturing plants just South of the USA border to access low-cost labor without significant tariffs.NAFTA has* Eliminated tariffs and most non-tariff barriers for products and services. * Established trade rules and uniform customs procedures. * Instituted investment rules and intellectual property rights. *Provided for hostility settlements for investment, unfair pricing, labor issues, and the environment.NAFTA Results* Trade among the members more than tripled, and now exceeds 1 trillion per year. * In the early 1990s Mexicos tariffs averaged 100% and gradually.How the Mexican Economy benefited from NAFTA* Mexico exports to the US grew from 50 billion to over 100 billion per year. * Access Canada and the US helped launch many Mexican firms in industries such as electronics, car s, textiles, medical products, and services. * yearbook US and Canadian investment in Mexico rose from 4 billion in 1993 to nearly 20 billion by 2006. * Mexicos per capita income rose to about 11 000 in 2007, making it the richest country in Latin America. *Why nations pursue economic integration1. Expand market size* Greatly increases the scale of the market place for firms inside the economic bloc. Eg. Belgium has a population of just 10 million the EU has a population of nearly 500 mil. * Consumers can access much bigger selection of products and services.2. Achieve economies of scale and enhance productivity* Bigger market facilitates economic scale* Internationalization inside the bloc helps firms learn to compete more effectively outside the bloc. * Labor and other inputs allocated more efficiently among the member countries, leading to lower consumer prices.3. Attract investment from outside the bloc* Compared to investing in stand-alone countries, foreign firms prefer to in vest in countries that are part of an economic integration bloc. E.g General Mills, Samsung, TATA invested heavily in the EU.4. Acquire stronger defensive and political posture* Provide member countries with a stronger defensive posture relative to other nations and world regions, an original motive of the EU.Factors contribute to the success of Regional Integration1. Economic Stability the more similar the economies of the member states, the more likely the bloc will succeed. Eg. Wage rates, economic stableness e.g. SADC, EU2. Political Stability similarity in political systems is key. Countries should share similar aspirations and a willingness to surrender national autonomy e.g EU3. Similarity of culture and language Helpful but not absolutely necessary.4. Geographic proximity facilitates transportation of products, labor, and other factors. Neighboring countries tent to share a common history, culture and language E.g. NAFTA, EUConsequences of Regional Integration* Trade Cr eation as barriers fall, trade is generated inside the bloc. * Trade Diversion as within the bloc trade becomes more attractive, member countries discontinue some trade with non-member countries. * Aggregate effect National patterns of trade are altered. More trade occurs inside the bloc. * A veneration a bloc might become an economic fortress leading to more within-bloc trade and less between bloc trade can harm global free trade. * Loss of National Identity increased cross-boarder contact makes members more similar to each other E.g. in response Canada has restricted the ability of US movie and TV producers to invest in the Canadian film and broadcasting industries.* Sacrifice of Autonomy in later stages of regional integration a exchange authority isset up to manage the blocs affairs. Members must sacrifice some autonomy to the central authority, such as control over their own economy. E.g Britain in the EU. * Transfer of power to advantaged firms can concentrate economic power in the relegates of fewer larger firms, often in the most advantaged member countries. * Failure of small or weak firms as trade and investment barriers fall, protection is eliminated that previously shielded smaller or weaker firms from foreign competitions. * Corporate restructuring and job loss Increased competitive pressures and corporate restructuring may lead to worker layoffs or re-assigning employees to distant locations, disrupting workers lives and entire communities.* Internationalization by firms inside the bloc internationalization gets easier after regional integration. * Rationalization of operations managers develops strategies and value-chain activities suited to the region as whole, not individual countries, by restructuring and consolidation company operations. The goal is to reduce costs and redundancy, increase centralized distribution, instead of decentralization to individual countries. * Mergers and acquisitions Economic blocs lead to mergers an d acquisitions, the tendering of one firm to buy another, or of two or more firms to merge and form acquisitions.Cross Cultural risk* A situation or event where a cultural mis-communication puts some human value at stake. * Arises when we enter environments characterized by unfamiliar languages and unique value systems, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. * One of the four major risks in international business.Manifestations of Cross-Cultural risk* Ethnocentric orientation using our own culture as the standard for judging other cultures. * Polycentric orientation a mindset in which the manager develops a greater affinity with the country in which he/she does business than the home country. * Geocentric orientation a global mindset in which the manager is able to understand a business or market without regard to national boundaries. * Managers should strive for ageocentric orientation.Definitions of Culture* Incorporates both objective and subjective elements.* heading aspects of c ulture include tools, roads, television programming, architecture and other physical artifacts. * unobjective aspects include norms and values, ideas, customs and other meaningful symbols. * Hofstede, a well-known Dutch organizational anthropologist views culture as a embodied mental programming of people and the software of the mind how we think and how we reason.Culture Is* Not right or defile it is relative. There is no cultural absolute, different nationalities simply perceive the world differently. * Not about individual behavior culture is about groups. It refers to a collective phenomenon of shared values and meaning. * Not inherited culture is derived from the social environment. We are not born with a shared set of values and attitudes, we learn and capture as we grow up. Culture is learned* Socialization the process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns appropriate to ones given society. Eg. Cultural learning* Acculturation the process of adjusting and ada pting to a culture other than ones own. Commonly experienced by expatriate workers.* Culture is like an ice-berg-above the surface. Certain characteristics are visible, below the surface is big base of assumptions, attitudes and values that strongly influence decision making relationships, conflict and other dimensions of business.Cross-cultural proficiency is paramount in Managerial tasks. Examples* Developing products and services* Communicating and interacting with foreign business partners * Negotiating and structuring international business ventures * Interacting with current and potential customers* Preparing advertising and promotional materials.Cross cultural differences may create challenges* Teamwork what should managers do if foreign and domestic nationals dont get along? * Lifetime employment workers in Japan often expect to work for the same firm passim their careers How should foreign firms handle that? * Pay for performance system In China and Japan, a persons ag e is important in promoting workers.Yet how do such workers perform when merit performance-based measures are used? * Organizational Structure preferences for centralized, bureaucratic structures may deter information sharing. * Union-management relationships workers in European firms enjoy a more equal status with managers. * Attitudes towards ambiguity if youre uncomfortable working with minimum guidance or taking independent action, you may have difficulty fitting into some cultures.Three approaches to interpreting culture* Metaphors refer to a distinctive tradition or institution strongly associated with a society a guide to deciphering attitudes, values and behaviors. * Stereotypes are generalizations about a group of people that may or may not be factual, often over spirit real, deeper differences. * An Idiom is an expression whose symbolic meaning is different from its literal meaning.The Nature of Stereotypes* Are often erroneous and lead to unjustified conclusions a bout others. * Still most people employ stereotypes, either consciously or unconsciously, because they are an easy means to judge situations and people. * There are real differences among groups and societies, we should examine descriptive behaviors sort of than evaluate stereotypes. * An examplesome Latin Americans procrastinate via the manana syndrome.E.T. Halls High and Low context culturesLow Context* Rely on complicate verbal explanations putting much emphasis on spoken words. * Tend to be in northern Europe and spousal relationship America which place central importance on the efficient delivery of messages. * Communication is direct and explicit dont beat around the bush.High Context* Establish trust first* Personal relations and goodwill are valued* Agreements emphasize trust* Negotiations slow and ritualistic* Emphasis is on non-verbal messages and use communication as a means to promote smooth harmonious relationships. * Prefer an indirect, polite, face-saving style t hat emphasizes a mutual sense of care and respect for others, careful not to embarrass or offend others. * It is difficult for Japanese people to say No when expressing disagreement. Much more likely to say it is different an ambiguous response. * In East Asian cultures, showing impatience, frustration, irritation, or anger disrupts harmony and is considered rude and offensive. * To succeed in Asian cultures, it is critical to notice non verbal signs and body language.Hofstedes Classification of National culture1. Individualism Versus Collectivism refers to whether a person primarily functions as an individual or within a group. 2. Power outdo describes how a society deals with inequalities in power that exists among people. 3. Uncertainty escape refers to the extent to which people can tolerate risk and uncertainty in their lives. 4. Masculinity Vs muliebrity1.1 Individualistic Society ties among people are relatively loose,each person tends to focus on his/her own self int erests. E.g Australia, Canada and the UK 1.2 Collectivist Societies ties among individuals are more important than individualism business is conducted in the context of groups where everyones norms are strongly considered. E.g China, Panama, and South Korea.2.1 High Power distance societies have substantial gaps between the mightily and the weak are relatively indifferent to inequalities and allow them to grow. E.g. Guatemala, Malaysia, the Philippines.2.2 Low-power distance socities have minimal gaps between the powerful and weak. E.g. Denmark and Sweden governments instituted tax and social welfare systems that ensure their nationals are relatively equal in terms of income and power.* Social stratification affects power distance. In Japan almost everybody belongs to the middle class, while in India the upper grade controls decision making and buying power. * In high distance firms, autocratic management styles focus power at the top3.1 High Uncertainty avoidance societies cre ate institutions that minimize risk and ensure financial security, companies emphasize stable careers and produce many rules to regulate worker actions and minimize ambiguity.3.2 Low-uncertainty avoidances societies socialize their members to accept and become accustomed to uncertainty managers are entrepreneurial and comfortable with risk taking, decisions are made quickly, people accept each day as it comes.5.1 Masculine cultures value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambitions and the accumulation of wealth. Both men and women are assertive, focused on career and earning money, and may care little for others. E.g Australia and Japan. The US is a moderately masculine society, as are Hispanic cultures that display a zest for action, daring and competitiveness. In business, the masculinity dimension manifests asself-confidence, pro activeness and leadership.5.2 Femi clubhouse cultures emphasize nurturing roles, interdependence among people, and caring for less fortunate people for both men and women. e.g. Scandinavian countries welfare systems are highly developed and education is subsidized.Subjective Dimensions of cultureSubjective dimensions values and attitudes, manners and customs, deal versus relationship orientation, perceptions of time, perceptions of space and religion.* Values represent a persons judgment about what is good or bad, satisfying or unacceptable, important or unimportant and normal or abnormal. * Attitudes and preferences are developed based on values, and are similar to opinions, except that attitudes are often unconsciously held and may not have a rational basis. * Prejudices are rigidly held attitudes, usually unfavorable and aimed at particular groups of people. Examples values in North America, Northern Europe, and Japan hard work, punctuality and the acquisition of wealth.Deal Vs Relationship Culture* Deal Oriented cultures- managers focus on the task at hand are impersonal, typically uses contacts and want to just get down to business. Example, Australia, North Europe, and North America.* Relationship Oriented cultures- managers have affiliations with people, rapport and get to know the other party in business interactions, relationships are more important than the deal trust is highly valued in business, agreements. Example, China, Japan, Latin America etc. It took nine years for Volkswagen to negotiate an automobile factory in China.Manners and Customs* Manners and Customs are ways of behaving and conducting oneself in public and business situations. * sluttish cultures egalitarian in which people are equal and work together cooperatively * Formal cultures status, hierarchy, power and respect are very important. * Varying Customs eating habits, mealtimes, work hours and holidays, drinking, appropriate behavior at social gatherings (handshaking, bowing and kissing), gift-giving (complex), roles of women.Religion* A system of common beliefs or attitudes concerning a being or system of thought people consider to be scared, divine, or highest truth as well as the morals codes, values, traditions, and rituals associated with this system. * Influences culture, and therefore business and consumer behavior. * Example The Protestant work ethic emphasizes hard work, individual achievement and sense that people can control their environment the underpinnings for development of capitalismLanguage as a key dimension of culture* The mirror or expression of culture, essential for communication provides insight into culture. * Linguistic proficiency is a great asset in International Business. * Language has verbal and non verbal (unspoken, facial expressions and gestures) * There are nearly 7000 active languages including 2000 in Africa.Technology, the Internet and Culture* Technological advances are a key determinant of culture and cultural change more leisure time, and computers, multimedia, and communications systems that encourage convergence in global culture. * The death of distance refers to the destruction of the boundaries that once separated people, due to modern communications, information, and transportation technologies more homogenized cultures are developed. * The network also promotes thediffusion of culture, with quickly growing numbers of internet users.Are cultures converging?The concept of SovereigntySovereignty meaning Self Rule is when a state or government is able to make and enforce laws within its boundaries without interference from foreign nations. It is also connected to the ability of a country to guarantee the best interest of its own citizens.How does Globalization affect sovereignty?Discuss the effect of Globalization on National culture1. Stripped us of our culture since people become more attached to western culture and neglect their ways of doing things.Critically evaluate various dimensions of Economic globalization and their impacts on business enterprises explain how it is affected and give examples.1. Globalization of Prod uction increased mobility of the factors of production has changed traditional specialization roles2. Globalization of Competition competition with international businesses has intensified and therefore cost reduction is encouraged to improve efficiency.3. Globalization of markets markets have become easily accessible, allowing for expansion and growth. Goods are made of a standard level since customers worldwide have the same tastes and preferences.4. Globalization of Technology it has advanced rapidly leading to shorter production cycles. It also makes managing a business more effective and efficient. Advancements in technology have also become difficult tomaintain due to financial constraints for some businesses.5. Globalization of Industries they have the options of putting up shops anywhere in the global village, giving customers a variety of choices in terms of goods and services. carrefour bringing together two or more thingsGlobalization putting everything into one village .

Ecotourism in Ecuador

On behalf on the Quichua nation organisation I bring been asked to write a embrace on whether ecotourism is the way forward for countries such as Ecuador. The Quichua multitude atomic number 18 a indigene group who live in Napo. In this report I will look at whether commercializedized tourism or ecotourism would be best for Napo.Commercial tourism is the traditional tourism that the western reality knows. Ecotourism is a way of travelling while improving the social welfare of the topical anesthetic people.Ecuador is a republic in north-western South America. It has an area of 272,045 sq km which is roughly the like as the United Kingdom. Ecuador has a pollution of 11 million with a growth rate of 3% per year. It has a diverse population composed of people of European, Native Ameri raise and African descent. The main language spoken is Spanish only when m some(prenominal) Indian languages are also spoken. Most Native Americans in Ecuador cede become converts to the Roman Catholic faith.Agriculture dominated the economy of Ecuador until the 1970s, when the discoin truth of petroleum deposits brought added income to the nation. The influx of cash resulted in price increases for m all goods and because Ecuador had a limited manufacturing base, people spent the new oil money on goods imported from abroad, in that respectfore increasing Ecuadors outside(prenominal) debt.Ecuador is a developing and poverty stricken clownish. There is only one nurse per 2,320 patients which does not help the child mortality rate at 82 deaths per 1000 births. Only 44% of the farming(prenominal) population have access to safe drinking body of water and the GNP is $1000.Ecuador would benefit from attracting tourists because it would bring money into the coun essay, improving the quality of life. As Ecuador is an LEDC (Less Economic in ally positive Country), tourism may be its last option and a quick way of bringing money into the country.Commercial TourismLEDCs promot e tourism because it is a very turgid source of money. LEDCs that do not have any other sources of money coming into the country can turn to tourism for a reli satisfactory and steady income contrasted farming and other sources which are unreliable.Tourism brings much(prenominal) needed money into the country to help with clean water, electricity, health care, tuition and housing.Tourism creates direct employment at hotels, bars and shops and it creates indirect employment, for example the local farmers growing produce for nearby hotels. topical anesthetic people would be able to produce and sell their souvenirs to tourists opening up the souvenir trade. Local unskilled people would be trained to work in hotels, and as tourguides. Commercial tourism creates many more(prenominal) jobs than ecotourism due to the number of facilities and hotels and because of this unemployment in the region would be very low.Tourism encourages overseas investment into airports and roads, improvi ng transport systems. This would thus encourage more tourists to come to that country. The profit and improvements made from tourism would stop migration of people from the country as there would be many jobs available and an inducing to stay.Tourism can have very positive effects on a country while at the same time ruining the culture, traditions and lives of inwrought people.The sight of hotels and planes can spoil the appearance of the once untouched surroundings creating air and noise pollution. Usually only between 10 and 20% of all kale made stays in the country. As most hotels are foreign have and most tourists spend their money in the hotels all of the profits go out of the country. As the tourism industry is seasonal, people may not be earning an income for some parts of the year. As the hotels are foreign owned most of the high paid jobs for example manager would be filled by foreign people. The money figure out by these people would not stay in the country.Local cr aft industries would be destroyed due to the need for mass produced tatty souvenirs unlike their hand made quality pieces. Foreign companies may snaffle the souvenir monopoly by selling very cheap mass produced goods. Again this profit would be leaving the country. The farming economy is damaged as province is sold off to developers to build hotels. The hotels would prefer to buy food from overseas as the food grown in Ecuador would not meet the demands of European ardour foods for the tourists. altogether the new facilities, for example, airports and other transport services would not benefit the native people as they could not afford to use them.The borrowed money from overseas would increase the countrys national debt which would not help the overall economy. Tourists expect unlimited water supplies into hotels and attractions. Their supply is ten times greater than the local peoples demand. This could cause water shortages for local peoples domestic and farmland use. If farm ers do not have enough water to grow their crops, they could lose their entire harvest for the year which can have devastating effects.Local cultures and traditions can be destroyed by the new problems that are only due to tourism for example nuisance, prostitution and drugs. This is because they have never before had any contact from the western world. Tourists do not have any respect for the local peoples customs and beliefs by walking into mosques and temples inappropriately dressed.The grammatical construction of hotels, airports and other facilities intend local people lose their homes, land and traditional means of livelihood. For example fishermen are no longer able to fish, because overseas companies have closed off parts of the beach and sea to only allow their hotel customers to use it.There can also be many risks in commercial tourism. Commercial tourism can be greatly affected by political events such as terrorism. Tourism trends can change. Places where tourists used to go can become unwanted travel destinations, leaving many people un busy. People are unemployed, as businesses have failed as there are not any customers. This can have a great effect on a countrys economic structure.The people who would be in favour of this type of tourism would be overseas companies who want to invest in LEDCs. The land in LEDCs is very cheap so it would not cost companies that much to build hotels. These companies could then sort employees by paying them a very low wage and charging tourists a dole out to stay in them. They also know that there is a large willing workforce to use and would be able to take advantage of this.Overseas tour operators would prefer commercial tourism as it attracts many more tourists. Tour operators would make more money from selling commercial holidays rather than eco holidays.Local businesses would also like commercial tourism as it brings more customers, on with good transport link such as, roads, trains and airports. This al so opens up the rest of the world to businesses who want to export goods internationally. Local farmers may also be in favour of commercial tourism as it opens up a large market to sell their produce.The people who would be opposed to this tourism would be local native people who would not want airports, roads and other facilities to ruin their culture and natural way of life. Commercial tourism creates a lot of jobs, but most of the profits go out of the country to large companies who own the hotels and other facilities. Their natural slipway of life would be taken away by the invasion of foreign cultures and traditions.Local people who sell souvenirs would not like commercial tourism as this would bring in mass produced cheap souvenirs curtailment the local peoples businesses. Foreign companies would have more money to set up shops unlike local people attracting more customers. A lot of the money earned from commercial tourism would leave the country for large foreign companies and does not benefit everyone. Peoples cultures and traditions are ruined, and with that their jobs and lives.Below are some quotes from people who have been employed and disrupted by commercial tourism.Commercial tourism has been in Napo for a long time but its benefited only the tour companies and not us. It also brought crime into the areaCommercial guides brought tourists to our villages and paid us hardly anything, not even enough for a bus fare to Tena. The tourists walked around our villages, into houses, and took photos without askingWe want to protract existing according to our own culture and alongside our natural mother, the jungleEcotourismEcotourism is a responsible type of travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of the local peopleEcotourism is a way of travelling while improving the welfare of the local people. This means that in ecotourism areas, there are not any hotels or airports that ruin the landscape. People stay in the same facilities as the local people. This means there is not air or noise pollution.All the income made by this type of tourism stays in the country with the local people helping towards schooling, clean water and healthcare. No money leaves the country to go to large overseas companies. Local craft industries can grow as there are not any large companies mass producing cheap souvenirs. People will pay for the time and effort that a local person has put into making that souvenir. No land is taken over for increment of hotels and airports so farmland is not lost. No food is imported from abroad as all the food eaten by the tourists is locally grown.Ecotourism costs a lot less than commercial tourism so it does not increase national debt. Local cultures and traditions are not destroyed as local people are allowed to carry on existing normally. The type of people going on eco holidays are not the same people who go on commercial holidays. This means that in eco areas, they will not get any drug abuse, prostitution or crime. The people who go on eco holidays respect the local peoples ways of life, try and help the local people and will not try and get in their way.Farmers and people do not lose their land or houses to ecotourism or their traditional way of life as there are not any large companies taking over parts of land or beaches for foreign use only. The local people let tourists into their way of life instead of adapting to foreign ways. Also the local people and the environment is respected and cared for in ecotourism unlike commercial tourism.The disadvantages of ecotourism are that a lot less money is made from ecotourism than commercial tourism. As a lot less people go on eco holidays the countries get less money, but all the money is going straight to the local people instead of out of the country.Ecotourism does not create as much employment as commercial tourism as it is not on a large scale. It is based around the local people and not of all time for the tourists benefit. Due to this there are not any attractions or many facilities which in commercial tourism would create a lot of jobs.The people who would be in favour for ecotourism are the Quichua people in Napo who would not want commercial tourism in their area. Here is a quote from the Quichua people intimately ecotourismOur way of life, traditions and culture are being preserved. Some people who left our village to find work are now returning to work in ecotourism. Our community is becoming strongerThey would not want commercial tourism as the hotels, airports, roads and other facilities would spoil the natural environment and ruin their cultures and natural ways of life. They would prefer ecotourism which would invite tourists into the area, generating money for the country without spoiling the natural environment or disturbing their native way of life. The Quichua people earn a living from making souvenirs and farming. With commercial tourism, their farmland would b e taken away and their souvenir industries ruined. All the money created would stay in the country and be used right away to improve their way of life.Below are some quotes from people who have been employed and benefited from ecotourism.We work as guides and decide who we invite to our village. We grow food and make handicraft to sell to the touristsThe profits we earn from ecotourism are invested to improve our community, by building schools and a health centre for our childrenNow we can make a living preserving the forest and not destroying itThe people who would not be in favour of ecotourism are companies and businesses in Napo and Ecuador. Companies and businesses in Napo would prefer commercial tourism as it brings in more customers. Ecotourism has a lot less tourists entering the country which would not benefit them. Commercial tourism also brings good transport links such as airports, roads and trains unlike ecotourism. These transport links would create international cust omers, expanding the business and recovering Ecuadors debt. Ecotourism limits companies expanding by the low number of tourists and transport links.Local hunters and loggers in Napo may also be against ecotourism. This is because ecotourism enforces many rules on local people, preventing any more destruction of the rainforest. Hunters and loggers could be out of work and find it very hard to earn a living as they are unskilled in others areas of employment.ConclusionI have looked at Commercial Tourism and Ecotourism for realistic tourism solutions in Napo on behalf of the Quichua people. Both have advantages and disadvantages but in my opinion the most important factors are preserving the Quichua culture and traditions, keeping the Quichua people happy. The advantages of ecotourism are, it protects the peoples traditions and native ways of life, it helps the local people instead of using them, it creates money directly for the native people and is a more respective and friendly typ e of tourism.Although there are some advantages to Commercial tourism such as more customers, more money and more overseas investment, these things can sometimes be a disadvantage to the native people. Overall I would choose ecotourism for the Napo region as this type of tourism fills the needs of the Quichua people. I would also choose this type of tourism for LEDCs similar to Ecuador.

Corning Incorporated Essay

Corning Incorporated is an Ameri rump manufacturer of glass, ceramic, and materials for the industrial and scientific employments. It was known as Corning Glass whole kit and caboodle in 1875. Its difficult commitment to innovation was known as the lodges roots. The company attached between four to six percent of its sales to Research, Development, and Engineering (RD&E). As of today, Corning has been primarily operating from Asia peaceful and North America in five market segments Display Technologies, Environmental Technologies, telecommunications, Life Sciences and Specialty Materials and dickens joint ventures Dow Corning and Samsung Corning Precision Glass. The company had a history of science-based innovations following World War II and the dodge by management was research and disruptive and on demand merchandise innovation. They have shown numerous strengths and weaknesses strong industry recognition with a track record of successful innovation, focus on RD&E, diver sified product portfolios and balanced revenue streams narrowing market with intense competition and environmental regulations.With a strong rut for innovation, Corning has been creating many deep technological products to be used as material for other new application such as heat-resistant glass in 1908. In 1912, this product was being reused to develop the shatterproof lanterns for the railroad. Their products were basic used for scientific purposes and later for consumer cook-ware products. By realizing the improvement in opticalal glassmaking, Corning had started to produce the television tubes realise and it made the TV affordable to the consumers market during 1970s. However, this project considered a steep loss in good and productivity because of the competition from Japanese imports. Corning went through many changes including lay-offs, selling or closing many plants in order to rebound. The following years, company made a partial recovery.In the late 1990s (the Teleco m bubble), there were the unusual high demand for optical fiber in the market. Seeing it as the commodious opportunity, the company expanded its originally developed optical fiber operations significantly, and heavily invested in production capacity. Its revenue jumped from $5 billion in 1999 to more than $7 billion in 2000. However, thecollapse in 2000 of the dot-com market had a major impact on the company. The telecom sales dropped to $1.6 billion from $5 billion within six months since July 2001.Once again, Corning had to go into the reorganization phase to dramatically reduce the costs. Since 1950 to 1980, the company introduced many advanced products from ceramic heating resistant shields and glass windshields for Apollo program to the use of fiber optic in telecommunication. In the late 1990s, the company profits increased tremendously during the dot-com boom. Corning From WWI and WWII, Corning developed many deep technological products such as high quality glass with consi stent color which can make glass more viable material for new application.

Impacts of Casinos

The Negative Impact many a(prenominal) people do not want the casinos in their townshipspeoplespeople and feel that having one will sole(prenominal) bring chaos and criminal activity. Some of the misconceptions how a casino will affect a town range from dependence to industry centralization. In the website that Greg Saris has written he states that we dont want to get into slot machines and inflexible gambling because it is addictive and destructive in peoples lives (Saris, 2003). It is believed that the impact of a casino coming into a town would be morally ND ethically irresponsible.The people that go to this facility are sometimes reason as gambling addicts with alarming numbers of them. In California back in 2002 it is said that on that point were over 1. 2 billion addicts in that state. It is a widespread belief that with the casinos will increase the crime, suicide, addiction and human misery (Saris, 2003). In the article that Kevin Fagan has written it can be seen the co mparison between gambling addictions and a drug (crack-cocaine) (Fagan, 2007). A person may start out n Bingo (class Ill in Nevada) or a simple form of gambling and then may be introduced to slot machines.It is believed there is a great need for medical help since it is referred to as a medically designated psychological incommode in its most severe, pathological form (Fagan, 2007). Douglas Walker has written a book to help us to understand the economics of gambling and the arguments presented. It is general misconception that casinos are an industry centralization, the factory-restaurant dichotomy, export base theory of growth, bullion inflow (mercantilism) (Walker, 2007). Positive Argument There many positive impacts on a towns economics that hold up been proven over history.Will the positive affects be greater than the negative? Through studies and research it can be seen how beneficial casinos can affect the economic industry. It is believed that casinos will be able to draw in tourists and more income to a city through marketing and incentives to those across the U. S. It will bring more income to a town that otherwise would not have had visitors (Walker, 2007) (peg. 36). Both revenue and income for a small town is greatly increase when a casinos are created. (Ask. Com, n. D. )

Applied Linguistics: Critical Review of Journal Essay

introductionEverybody can not be a transcriber although she or he retires a foreign language. Because of in effect(p) having a candid knowledge of foreign languages does not give any 100% assurance that a transformation will be rendered reasonably well. A translator must(prenominal) be aw atomic number 18 of the impression of the subject anyway having a fine awareness of the language, including language rules, and spelling rules.This journal talking well-nigh inquiry of Mohammad Reza Hojat Shamamis study of the main issue at the subject matter of theorizing displacement practice and the cavort of a dependable translator or how to be a solid translator and of course what are the skills to become a Freelance Translator with its translation process. This knowledge which is gener eachy written in the position language needs to be transmitted in various languages so that people who do not know how to speak and write the original language can get the knowledge necessary for industrial development and technological innovation to keep up with the rest of the world. To transmit this knowledge effectively, there is a need for competent translators in various languages.SummaryIn practice, there is always considerable mutant in the types of translations produced by various translators of a particular text. This is because translation is essentially an Art and not Science. So many factors including proficiency in language, cultural background, writing flair, etc. Translation turns a communication in one language into a correct and understandable version of that communication in another language. sometimes a translator has to take certain liberties with the original text in order to re-create the desire and style of the original. A translator does need certain tools to help him out in moments of difficulty. These tools can be in the form of good monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, encyclopedias, e-dictionaries, glossaries of technical and standard works , etc. pertaining to the SL text. He must have patience and should not be in a hurry to rush through composition translating any text. To translate from one language into another has never been an easy endeavor. It is an exercise both scrupulous and cumbersome and only those who have engaged themselves with translation work can realize the complex shell of this Art.For the statement of the problem focusing on this fact, (Chomsky, 1965) how can someone turn into a good translator? And for the objective and the purpose of this search, it is all important(p) that translators are familiar with the product they are translating and likewise with the tools they are using. The translation process is not the replacement of one word with another, but the formation of concepts in another language. knowledge of the product being translated provides more understandable products to the end user. Time and re blood lines for educating translators should be planned well in allege. The regul arityologies of this enquiry provide the translators with tools that increase productivity and that prevent translation of non-textual application data. When purchasing or evolution a translation tool, the following features should be included.The literature review of this research, The Asian languages, peculiarly Persia, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, represent a significant part of the translation industry in the United States, especially on the West playground slide (Antal, 1963). Some agencies specialize in only Asian languages or even just one or two of them. Still others brighten the brunt of their money from these languages. For the result, we should know that it takes much more to be a good and skilled translator. For every talented text (Benjamin, 1992) converter, switching simultaneously between two universes is one of the close to demanding tasks lot of training, learning, and experiences are needed to turn someone into a good translator. When engaging tr anslators for your work, be certain to give them a detailed briefing on the work to be done (Brower, 1956).As master key translators we are supposed to improve our quality all the time. The first noteworthy conclusion we can play up from this paper is that translation is teachable because, on the one hand, it is a craft and consequently teachable as are other crafts on the other hand, it is closely related to oblige of belief language itself, although it is vital to make a distinction between the two. Another important point is that those engaged in teaching translation to students who are learning the target language along with translation should be aware that they are teaching two different things at the same time and that they should use a congruent eclectic mode applicable to both.CritiqueThe strength of this research includes its bravery by using the main issues at the core of theorizing translation practice and the feature of a good translator or how to be a good transla tor and of course what are the skills to become a Freelance Translator and Translation process which ascertain new standards to be good translators, comprehensive set of research method and qualitative and quantitative turn upes used, and its results particularly in the broad area of the study of language and communication or linguistics especially translations field. On the contrary, the weaknesses of this research is mainly associated on the relevant issues that affect the used method and many quotations which are unnecessarily repeated just because it brings out similar messages. The use of fibers that were being published way back in the 1950s (1953) while the research conducted in 2012 is also considered as the weakness because the applicability of the findings of these earlier research studies could be questionable and irrelevant during those years.The concept is considered brave since it is implicitly attempted to redefining standards for being good translator. It has been a trend in language and communication studies that communication vehicles are subject of empirical and theoretical activities including comprehension and technology and translation field becomes the bridge to connect two separated worlds and deliver messages from the result of the advance development in those handle. Furthermore, the comprehensive set of research method and qualitative and quantitative approaches used all throughout the research process can be considered as general solution to the drawbacks of each method or approach used in research. The wide-ranging and multiple tools used in quantitative approach of analysis addresses the issue of validity and reliability while the qualitative approach of analysis supported the curb ability of numbers to provide a complete description in response to a research question or problem.Lastly, the conclusion drawn from the research activity contributes in bridging the identified gaps in the be body of translations field between re al translators and the people who just translate languages. It is also assumed that this research article is another research in translation fields which is more like opinions and expose the important of translations that provides deep understanding in the related field. However, it must be considered that the findings found in this research article should be supported by other factors that are not included in its totality thus far believed to have some degree of importance or effect (e.g. political and social or societal beliefs of the participants).ConclusionFrom this research of Mohammad Reza Hojat Shamami, we can find out the way of being a competent and good translator which is not only based on the knowledge of any foreign language, but it also requires some skills and rules. Chomskys 7 explicit criteria have represented what tools (skills) we need, like to sharpen our translation skills by reading different translation of different types of texts to be more aware of differen t styles of writing and redact to understand various expressions, idioms, and specific vocabulary have the act of translating like to accept the significance of the source text within the framework of the source-language discourse to improve the quality of our translations by being well-aware of styles of speaking, social social stratification related to the foreign language have to become ourselves attentive of different knowledge-providing sources like bilingual dictionaries, encyclopedias to know the meaning of words in specific situation and the last is to know the sentence structure of substantiative speech and different figures of speech in like hyperbole, irony.But however this research also has weaknesses besides its strength which already gives us sort of advice and translation knowledge, however the weakness can be questionable, from the reference which was taken from long time ago until the absence of supporting related issues in other fields like politics, societal bel iefs that are actually worth to know as evidence.